E2. Means of Variables, 1990-2000 – Hospital Demand for Licensed Practical Nurses
| Variable |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of Full-time Equivalent LPNs |
31.61 |
31.59 |
30.33 |
28.88 |
28.92 |
28.24 |
27.41 |
27.74 |
27.20 |
26.60 |
25.77 |
| Number of Full-time Equivalent RNs |
149.87 |
157.12 |
162.77 |
166.71 |
171.56 |
173.25 |
176.13 |
180.39 |
187.47 |
191.79 |
197.28 |
| Ratio of LPNs to All Licensed Nurses |
24.6% |
23.9% |
22.6% |
21.4% |
21.2% |
20.7% |
19.7% |
19.6% |
18.8% |
18.5% |
18.0% |
| Scope of Practice |
|||||||||||
| Specific |
2.34 |
||||||||||
| Restrictive |
1.95 |
||||||||||
| Hospital and Patient Characteristics |
|||||||||||
| Inpatient Days |
42,265 |
42,120 |
42,178 |
41,346 |
39,912 |
38,791 |
38,119 |
38,509 |
38,677 |
39,210 |
39,706 |
| Medicaid's Share of Inpatient Days |
15.2% |
16.3% |
17.3% |
18.1% |
18.6% |
18.7% |
18.0% |
18.1% |
17.3% |
17.6% |
18.3% |
| Length of Stay |
10.00 |
10.32 |
10.44 |
10.73 |
10.48 |
10.18 |
10.13 |
9.85 |
9.78 |
9.71 |
9.92 |
| Case Mix |
1.20 |
1.22 |
1.23 |
1.23 |
1.24 |
1.24 |
1.25 |
1.26 |
1.28 |
1.28 |
1.25 |
| Technology (Saidin Index) |
1.79 |
1.85 |
1.97 |
2.06 |
2.12 |
2.14 |
2.16 |
2.21 |
2.18 |
2.34 |
2.47 |
| Non-profit Owner |
58.6% |
58.8% |
59.4% |
59.3% |
59.3% |
59.1% |
58.9% |
59.1% |
60.0% |
60.5% |
61.1% |
| For-profit Owner |
13.6% |
13.4% |
13.1% |
13.1% |
13.3% |
13.8% |
14.0% |
14.9% |
14.5% |
14.1% |
14.1% |
| Government Owner |
16.5% |
16.6% |
16.2% |
16.0% |
15.9% |
15.4% |
15.5% |
14.7% |
14.1% |
14.0% |
13.7% |
| Hospital District/Authority Owner |
11.3% |
11.3% |
11.3% |
11.6% |
11.5% |
11.7% |
11.6% |
11.4% |
11.4% |
11.4% |
11.1% |
| Market Characteristics |
|||||||||||
| LPN Market Wage |
$12.23 |
$12.50 |
$12.71 |
$12.77 |
$12.81 |
$12.71 |
$12.62 |
$12.57 |
$12.88 |
$13.12 |
$13.29 |
| RN Market Wage |
$18.85 |
$19.26 |
$19.56 |
$19.59 |
$19.58 |
$19.25 |
$19.11 |
$18.83 |
$18.96 |
$19.24 |
$19.40 |
| Nurse Aide Market Wage |
$7.51 |
$7.49 |
$7.48 |
$7.39 |
$7.36 |
$7.44 |
$7.45 |
$7.51 |
$7.62 |
$7.78 |
$7.97 |
| Number of HMOs Operating in County |
6.60 |
6.85 |
7.03 |
6.67 |
6.56 |
6.95 |
7.79 |
8.00 |
8.36 |
7.63 |
6.30 |
| HMO Penetration |
12.9% |
13.9% |
14.4% |
14.9% |
15.6% |
15.8% |
18.3% |
20.4% |
22.1% |
21.7% |
21.0% |
| No. of HMOs In County x HMO Penetration |
1.33 |
1.41 |
1.44 |
1.40 |
1.47 |
1.65 |
2.06 |
2.26 |
2.42 |
2.48 |
1.90 |
| Per Capita Income in County |
$17,057 |
$17,375 |
$18,384 |
$18,957 |
$19,844 |
$20,908 |
$22,018 |
$22,718 |
$24,375 |
$25,506 |
$26,208 |
| Percentage of LPNs Unionized in State |
12.6% |
12.5% |
14.8% |
14.6% |
15.1% |
14.7% |
13.4% |
11.1% |
11.0% |
12.9% |
12.3% |
| Percentage of RNs Unionized in State |
17.3% |
17.0% |
16.7% |
15.8% |
17.1% |
16.5% |
16.3% |
15.3% |
14.5% |
16.3% |
16.9% |
| Instruments for Scope of Practice |
|||||||||||
| Per Capital State Debt/Per Capita Income |
6.27 |
||||||||||
| State Government Controlled by Democrats |
9.5% |
||||||||||
| State Government Control Divided |
52.3% |
||||||||||
| Governor Does Not Have Line Item Veto |
9.6% |
||||||||||
| percent Democrats in Lower Legislative House |
53.7% |
||||||||||
| percent Democrats in Upper Legislative House |
51.1% |
||||||||||
| Instruments for LPN Wage |
|||||||||||
| LPN Average Age |
42.32 |
||||||||||
| percent of Total Workforce Unionized in State |
13.9% |
||||||||||
| Sample Size |
5,220 |
5,152 |
5,076 |
5,042 |
4,991 |
4,943 |
4,888 |
4,810 |
4,772 |
4,703 |
4,661 |
Sources: American Hospital Association Annual Survey of Hospitals, Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Files, and Area Resource File (February 2003 release). Managed care data courtesy of Douglas R. Wholey. Political variables courtesy of Mark W. Smith, Health Economics Resource Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System.